Related Web Works

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Using computers to support the architectural design process is a challenging issue. Up to now most design-support systems concentrate on ``automating'' the design process to generate design solutions. This thesis emphasizes a different notion. ``Augmenting man's intellect'' as introduced by Douglas Engelbart means to increase the capability of a person to approach a complex problem situation. It is the objective of this work to propose a knowledge model of architectural design knowledge that can be implemented to support architects in their design task. To achieve this goal we first review different theories on design and evaluate their relevance according to the problem setting. We propose the use of hypermedia as a semi-formal knowledge representation technique to encode design knowledge. ``Case-studies'' are used to analyze particular buildings and extract general principles. The evaluations of two prototypical implementations of the proposed knowledge model point out two main purposes of the formalization of design knowledge: The structuring of the design space and the retrieval of design knowledge. We exploit the notion of intelligent hypermedia by combining techniques from the field of artificial intelligence with ideas originating from the field of hypermedia. The support for exploring an emergent structure within the design space is a key aspect of our considerations. We think that the use of our design knowledge model in design-supporting systems will bring a new quality to the design process and will augment the capabilities of human designers.

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References

[] o NOTE: Order is by name of first author and year. Annotations are given where available.

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ANNOTATION:\This model uses the power of predicate calculus to describe queries. Links, nodes, buttons, and regions are defined as properties of information objects. Both, structure and content queries are possible. See also [18,9] for other approaches towards a query language in hypertext

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ANNOTATION:\See [88] for an extended version of this paper

7 John Archea. Puzzle-making: What architects do when no one is looking. In Y. E. Kalay, editor, Computability of Design, pages 37--51. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1987.

8 Martin Bärtschi. An overview of information retrieval subjects. IEEE Computer, 18(5):67--84, May 1985.

ANNOTATION:\Good beginner's introduction to the field of information retrieval. It covers the basic notions of informtaion retrieval and gives an in-depth analysis of several models such as vector space models, fuzzy set models, and probabilistic models. See also [87,24] for introductory books on information retrieval

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ANNOTATION:\This query language introduces the notion of quantifiers and permits the formulation of structural queries, e.g., for some paths from node X that is attributed with a certain term, claim Y holds. The logical query language consists of an extension of modal logics. See also [18,2] for other examples of query languages in hypertext.

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ANNOTATION:\This book covers topics such as the computer as new writing space, writing as technology, the electronic book, etc. It elaborates on the new quality of text gained through the use of hypermedia. A hypertext version is also available. See [59] for another book on this topic

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17 Jeff Conklin. A survey of hypertext. Technical report, MCC, Austin, Texas, 1987.

ANNOTATION:\Interesting paper that reviews many existing hypertext systems and introduces a taxonomy to categorize these systems. It also explores fundamental features of hypertext and design options of underpinning technologies.

18 Mariano P. Consens and Alberto O. Mendelzon. Expressing structural hypertext queries in GraphLog. In Proceedings of the ACM Hypertext'89, pages 269--292. ACM, November 1989.

ANNOTATION:\GraphLog is a visual query language. Structural hypertext queries are expressed by drawing graph patterns. The hyperdocument is searched for all occurrences of such patterns. Other examples of query languages can be found in [2,9].

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22 Eric A. Domeshek and Janet L. Kolodner. Towrds a case-based aid for conceptual design. International Journal of Expert Systems, 4(2):201--220, 1992.

23 Thomas M. Duffy and Rany A. Knuth. Hypermedia and instruction: Where is the match? In David H. Jonassen and Heinz Mandl, editors, Designing Hypermedia for Learning, volume 67 of Nato ASI Series F, pages 199--225. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 1990.

ANNOTATION:\The authors describe a project to design, develop, and implement an Enriched Learning Environment (ELE). They discuss the role of hypermedia in the context of learning activities. They state that if one understands the effective use of hypermedia as a database to explore, one must give more attention to the assignments that accompany that explorations. Although the authors question the benefit of hypermedia in regard to the development of new instructional goals and nonlinear thinking, they believe that hypermedia can make more information available to the learner. Learning must be an active process. The learner must come to see it relevant to his context. The focus of ELE is on facilitating the transfer of what is learned in the classroom to its application in everyday life. See [49] for related work.

24 David Ellis. New Horizons in Information Retrieval. Library Association Publishing Ltd, London, GB, 1990.

ANNOTATION:\This book provides an introduction to novel developments in the field of information retrieval. It covers statistical and probabilistic retrieval as well as expert intermediary systems and hypertext systems. It is a good review of existing technologies and brings together all possible notions of information retrieval.

25 Douglas C. Engelbart. A conceptual framework for the augmentation of man's intellect. In P. W. Howerton and D. C. Weeks, editors, Vistas in Information Handling, pages 1--29. Spartan Books, Washington, D.C., 1963.

ANNOTATION:\First paper by Engelbart that introduced the idea of augmenting the human intellect. See also [26,27,28] for later updates on this topic. Reprinted in [41].

26 Douglas C. Engelbart and William K. English. A research center for augmenting human intellect. In Proceedings of FJCC 33(1), pages 355--410. AFIPS Press, 1968.

ANNOTATION:\Reprinted in [41].

27 Douglas C. Engelbart. Towards high-performance knowledge workers. In Proceedings of the 1982 AFIPS Office Automation Conference, pages 279--290. AFIPS Press, 1982.

ANNOTATION:\Reprinted in [41].

28 Douglas C. Engelbart. Authorship provisions in augment. In Proceedings of the IEEE Compcon Conference. IEEE, 1984.

ANNOTATION:\Reprinted in [41].

29 R. Fikes and T. Kehler. The role of frame-based representation in reasoning. Communications of the ACM, 28(9):904--920, September 1985.

30 Gerhard Fischer and Raymond McCall. Janus: Integrating hypertext with a knowledge-based design environment. In Proceedings of the ACM Hypertext'89, pages 105--117. ACM, November 1989.

ANNOTATION:\This paper presents the JANUS system. JANUS is a design-support system for kitchen design. It employs the method of design critics as presented in [31]. A summary of the whole critics approach can be found in [32]

31 Gerhard Fischer and Kumiyo Nakakoji. Making design objects relevant to the task at hand. In Proceedings of AAAI-91, Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 67--73. AAAI Press/The MIT Press, 1991.

32 Gerhard Fischer, Kumiyo Nakakoji, Jonathan Ostwald, Gerry Stahl, and Tamara Sumner. Embedding critics in design environments. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 8(4):285--307, 1993.

ANNOTATION:\The authors use a methodology called critics [31] to support designers specifying a problem and constructing a solution. Critics follows the human critiquing paradigm where interjections of reasoned opinions trigger reflections on the artifact being designed. This article focuses on applying critics on domain-oriented design environments. HYDRA-KITCHEN, a residential kitchen design environment built by the authors, is used as an example to demonstrate the capabilities of the critics approach. Three embedded critiquing mechanisms are presented: generic, specific, and interpretive critics. Generic critics reflect knowledge that applies to all designs. Specific critics are related to situation-specific requirements. Interpretive critics provide alternative views to given design solutions.

33 Mark E. Frisse. Searching for information in a hypertext medical handbook. Communications of the ACM, 31(7):880--895, July 1988.

ANNOTATION:\This paper discusses the possibilities for a query language in hypertext in medical settings. A key point is how to find information in a dynamic medical textbook. Structural and contextual relationships are exploited to specify retrieval algorithms. Later work on that project can be found in [34]

34 Mark E. Frisse and Steve B. Cousins. Information retrieval from hypertext: Update on the dynamic medical handbook project. In Proceedings of the ACM Hypertext'89, pages 119--212. ACM, November 1989.

ANNOTATION:\Building on the work presented in [33], this paper attempts to provide a more complete theory on information retrieval from hypertext documents. Two general classes of navigation methods are compared: local and global. The authors argue that a global navigation aid necessitates some form of index space. Various architectures of index and document spaces are presented and associated computational complexities discussed.

35 Richard P. Gabriel. Pattern languages. Journal of Object-Oriented Programming, 6(8):72--75, January 1994.

36 Michael R. Genesereth and Steven P. Ketchpel. Software agents. Communications of the ACM, 37(7):48--53, July 1994.

ANNOTATION:\There are more articles on this topic in the same issue of the Communications of the ACM

37 John S. Gero and Mary Lou Maher. Mutation and analogy to support creativity in computer-aided design. In Gerhard N. Schmitt, editor, Proceedings of the CAAD futures'91, pages 241--249. ETH Zürich, July 1991.

ANNOTATION:\This paper describes the computational model for a creative process in design. Mutation and analogy algorithms are used to introduce new design variables in certain design situations. Dependency networks are used to implement prototypical mutation operators. Design prototypes are used to represent function, behavior, and structure of design examples.

38 A. Goel, J.L. Kolodner, M. Pearce, R. Billington, and C. Zimring. ARCHIE: A case-based architectural design system. Technical Report GIT-CC-91/18, College of Computing. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 1991.

39 C. F. Goldfarb. The SGML Handbook. Oxford University Press, 1991.

40 D. Goodman. The Complete HyperCard Handbook. Bantam Books, New York, NY, 1987.

41 Irene Greif. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: A Book of Readings. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1988.

ANNOTATION:\A very good collection of papers on the topic of CSCW. The collection consists of three parts. The first is on visions and first steps towards CSCW. The second discusses new technologies for CSCW. The third finally introduces CSCW design theories.

42 Kaj Gronbaek and Randall H. Trigg. Design issues for a dexter-based hypermedia system. Communications of the ACM, 37(2):41--49, February 1994.

ANNOTATION:\Gronbaek and Trigg turn the Dexter Hypertext Reference Model into a design specification and discusses an object-oriented implementation of important Dexter concepts. Together with other articles [47,,] this issue of the Communications of the ACM provides a good introduction to the concepts of the Dexter Hypertext Reference Model as introduced in [45].

43 Frank G. Halasz. Reflections on notecards: Seven issues for the next generation of hypermedia systems. Communications of the ACM, 31(7):836--852, July 1988.

ANNOTATION:\Although presented 1987, Halasz's paper is still of interest. Most issues are not resolved so far and still topics of research work.

44 F.G. Halasz, T.P. Moran, and R.H. Trigg. Notecards in a nutshell. In Proceedings of the 1987 ACM Conference of Human Factors in Computer Systems, pages 45--52. ACM, April 1992.

45 Frank Halasz and Mayer Schwartz. The dexter hypertext reference model. In Proceedings of the Hypertext Workshop, pages 95--133, Gaithersburg, Md, January 1990. National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Special Publication.

ANNOTATION:\First presented at the NIST Hypertext Workshop, this model still has influence on current hypermedia developments. There are several research projects working on refinements or extensions to the original Dexter model. Recently, a collection of reports on on-going work has appeared in the Communications of the ACM, see [42].

46 K. J. Hammond. Chef: A model of case-based reasoning. In Proceedings of AAAI-86, pages 267--271, 1986.

47 Linda Hardman, Dick C.A. Bulterman, and Guido van Rossum. The amsterdam hypermedia model: Adding time and context to the dexter model. Communications of the ACM, 37(2):50--62, February 1994.

ANNOTATION:\See [42] for related articles.

48 David H. Jonassen. Semantic network elicitation: tools for structuring hypertext. In Ray McAleese, editor, Hypertext: State of the Art, pages 142--152. Intellect Limited, Oxford, UK, 1990.

49 David H. Jonassen and R. Scott Grabinger. Problems and issues in designing hypertext/hypermedia for learning. In David H. Jonassen and Heinz Mandl, editors, Designing Hypermedia for Learning, volume 67 of Nato ASI Series F, pages 3--25. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 1990.

ANNOTATION:\This is an interesting collection of papers on the topic of learning and hypermedia. All papers are commented by all authors, thus providing a hypertext-like appearance. Different link types support the construction of a conceptual space. Unfortunately, the limitations of the printed version prohibit a real ``hypertext feeling''. The following papers are part of this collection: [103,68,86,23,60]

50 Terry W. Knight. Designing with grammars. In Gerhard N. Schmitt, editor, Proceedings of the CAAD futures'91, pages 19--34. ETH Zürich, July 1991.

ANNOTATION:\While most shape grammars are used to analyze architectural or other styles of designs, these paper introduces shape grammars for the creation of new and original styles of designs. It reports about the experience with shape grammars in the design studio. Students can design their own vocabulary elements and geometric relationships. Sometimes this leads to difficulties for students to translate emergent forms into architectural forms that fit particular programs.

51 Toh-Tzu Koh, Peing Ling Loo, and Tat-Seng Chua. On the design of a frame-based hypermedia system. In Ray McAleese, editor, Hypertext: State of the Art, pages 154--165. Intellect Limited, Oxford, UK, 1990.

52 Janet L. Kolodner. An introduction to case-based reasoning. Artificial Intelligence Review, 6:3--34, 1992.

ANNOTATION:\This paper gives a good overview of the technique of case-based reasoning. It uses examples to illustrate the applicability of this method to solve design problems such as planning a meal. It explains the model of case-based reasoning and discusses the case-based reasoning cycle.

53 J. L. Kolodner, R. L. Simpson, M. Pearce, and K. Sycara. A process model of case-based reasoning in problem solving. In Proceedings of IJCAI-85, pages 284--290, 1985.

54 Hinny P. Kong. An intelligent, multimedia-supported instructional system. Expert Systems With Applications, 7(3):451--465, March 1994.

55 Herbert Kramel and Chen-Cheng Chen. Bau: A knowledge-based system for the investigation of a basic architectural unit. In Gerhard N. Schmitt, editor, Proceedings of the CAAD futures'91, pages 307--322. ETH Zürich, July 1991.

56 Christian Kühn and Marcus Herzog. A language game approach to architectural typology. In Gernot Pittioni, editor, Proceedings of the ECAADE 91, October 1991.

57 Christian Kühn and Marcus Herzog. Modeling the representation of architectural design cases. Automation in Construction, 2(1):1--10, March 1993.

ANNOTATION:\

58 Rainer Kuhlen. Hypertext. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, GER, 1991.

ANNOTATION:\Introductory book to the field of hypertext in German language. Large bibliography.

59 Georg P. Landow. Hypertext: the convergence of contemporary critical theory and technology. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md, 1992.

ANNOTATION:\Landow examines the new rhetoric of hypertext. Reconfiguring the text and reconfiguring the author are two important notions in this context. Landow conducted several classes on English literature using the Intermedia system at Brown University's IRIS lab. He is the author of Dickens Web. Compare this book to [11]

60 John J. Leggett, John L. Schnase, and Charles J. Kacmar. Hypertext for learning. In David H. Jonassen and Heinz Mandl, editors, Designing Hypermedia for Learning, volume 67 of Nato ASI Series F, pages 27--37. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 1990.

ANNOTATION:\See [49] for related work.

61 Douglas B. Lenat, Ramanathan V. Guha, Karen Pittman, Dexter Pratt, and Mary Shepherd. Cyc: Toward programs with common sense. Communications of the ACM, 33(8):30--49, August 1990.

62 Dario Lucarella. A model for hypertext-based information retrieval. In N. Streitz, A. Rizk, and J. Andre, editors, Proceedings of the ECHT'90, pages 81--94. INRIA, Cambridge University Press, November 1990.

63 Clifford Lynch. Using the Z39.50 information retrieval protocol in the internet environment. Technical report, Internet Engineering Task Force INTERNET-DRAFT, 1994.

64 Catherine C. Marshall, Frank. G. Halasz, Russell A. Rogers, and William C. Janssen Jr. Aquanet: a hypertext tool to hold your knowledge in place. In Proceedings of the ACM Hypertext'91, pages 261--275. ACM, November 1991.

ANNOTATION:\This paper introduced the Aquanet project. Aquanet emphasizes knowledge acquisition and structuring within hypertext. Several up-dates on this project have been published (see [65,66,67]).

65 Catherine C. Marshall and Russell A. Rogers. Two years before the mist: Experiences with Aquanet. In Proceedings of the ECHT'92, pages 53--62. ACM, November 1992.

66 Catherine C. Marshall and Frank M. Shipman III. Searching for the missing link: Discovering implicit structure in spatial hypertext. In Proceedings of the ACM Hypertext'93, pages 217--230. ACM, November 1993.

67 Catherine C. Marshall, Frank M. Shipman III, and James H. Coombs. VIKI: Spatial hypertext supporting emergent structure. In Proceedings of the ECHT'94, pages 13--23. ACM, September 1994.

68 Terry Mayes, Mike Kibby, and Tony Anderson. Learning about learning from hypertext. In David H. Jonassen and Heinz Mandl, editors, Designing Hypermedia for Learning, volume 67 of Nato ASI Series F, pages 227--250. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 1990.

ANNOTATION:\See [49] for related work.

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70 William J. Mitchell, Robin S. Liggett, Spiro N. Pollalos, and Milton Tan. Integrating shape grammars and design analysis. In Gerhard N. Schmitt, editor, Proceedings of the CAAD futures'91, pages 1--18. ETH Zürich, July 1991.

ANNOTATION:\This paper draws on the notion that design can be represented using a shape grammar to generate design alternatives and analyses procedures to test them. A vocabulary for a ``primitive hut'' is presented. Testing procedures use standard engineering structural analysis. The application of this approach in teaching is discussed in the later part of the paper.

71 K. Nakakoji. Increasing shared knowledge of design tasks between humans and design environments: The role of a specification component. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1993.

72 R. Neches, R. Fikes, T. Finin, T. Gruber, R. Patil, T. Senator, and W. Swartout. Enabling technology for knowledge sharing. AI Magazine, 12(3):36--56, March 1991.

73 Theodor Holm Nelson. Literary Machines. The Distributors, South Bend, IN, 87.1 edition, 1987.

ANNOTATION:\This book was first published in 1981 and has undergone various revisions throughout the years. It reports about the Xanadu project, a vision of a world-wide hypertext system, where anybody can create documents and put it into Xanadu's data base. Royalties would be paid according to the time a user was reading a specific document. Whoever met Ted Nelson once will know this is a book worth reading it.

74 Susanne Neubert and Gabriele Schmidt. Hypertext und Künstliche Intelligenz, Aktuelle Trends 1993. Technical Report 289, Institut für Angewandte Informatik und formale Berschreibungsverfahren, Universität Karlsruhe, January 1994.

75 Steven R. Newcomb, Neill A. Kipp, and Victoria T. Newcomb. The HyTime hypermedia/time-based document structuring language. Communications of the ACM, 34(11):67--83, November 1991.

76 A. Newell and H. A. Simon. GPS: A program that simulates human thought. In E. Feigenbaum and J. Fieldman, editors, Computers and Thought. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1963.

77 Jakob Nielsen. Hypertext and Hypermedia. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

ANNOTATION:\This is one of the classical introductory books to the field of hypertext. It explains all basic notions of hypertext and is easy to read and understand. It contains a rich annotated bibliography which serves as starting point for further reading. A second edition will appear soon.

78 Jakob Nielsen. The art of navigation trough hypertext. Communications of the ACM, 33(3):311--321, March 1990.

79 ISO/IEC. Information technology - Open Document Architecture (ODA) and Interchange Format - Temporal relationships and non-linear structures, Draft International Standard. ISO/IEC DIS 8613-14:1993, 1993.

80 Tim Oren. The architecture of static hypertexts. In Proceedings of the ACM Hypertext'87. ACM, 1987.

81 Rivka E. Oxman and Robert M. Oxman. Refinement and adaptation: Two paradigms of form generation in CAAD. In Gerhard N. Schmitt, editor, Proceedings of the CAAD futures'91, pages 291--306. ETH Zürich, July 1991.

82 J. Pearl. Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference. Morgen Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1988.

83 M. Ross Quillian. Semantic memory. In Marvin Minsky, editor, Semantic Information Processing, pages 227--270. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1968.

84 Roy Rada. Hypertext. McGraw-Hill, London, UK, 1991.

ANNOTATION:\This book brings together topics from human-computer interaction, information storage and retrieval, CSCW, as well as artificial intelligence. The content is organized in four topics: small-volume hypertext, large-volume hypertext, collaborative hypertext, and intelligent hypertext. The book is also available in several hypertext versions.

85 H. Rittel. On the planning crisis: Systems analysis of the `first and second generations'. In Bedriftsokonomen, number 8, pages 390--396. 1972.

86 Alexander J. Romiszowski. The hypertext/hypermedia solution --- but what exactly is the problem? In David H. Jonassen and Heinz Mandl, editors, Designing Hypermedia for Learning, volume 67 of Nato ASI Series F, pages 321--354. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 1990.

ANNOTATION:\See [49] for related work.

87 Gerard Salton and Michael J. McGill. Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1983.

ANNOTATION:\Standard introductory book to information retrieval. Covers important aspects of information retrieval. See [24] for novel developments in the field of information retrieval.

88 Gerard Salton, James Allan, and Chris Buckley. Automatic structuring and retrieval of large text files. Communications of the ACM, 37(2):97--108, February 1994.

ANNOTATION:\The authors propose a system that retrieves information from large collections of text without a sophisticated text representation. Instead, they use the vector processing model to handle information retrieval operations. Text comparison algorithms are used to automatically structure the text. Sufficiently similar texts are linked, allowing joint access to related text excerpts.

89 José Alfredo Sánchez. HyperActive: Extending an open hypermedia architecture to support agency. Master's thesis, Texas A&M University, December 1993.

90 Gerhard N. Schmitt, editor. Proceedings of the CAAD futures'91. ETH Zürich, 1991.

91 Shen-Guan Shih. Case-based representation and adaptation in design. In Gerhard N. Schmitt, editor, Proceedings of the CAAD futures'91, pages 279--290. ETH Zürich, July 1991.

92 Mario J. Silva and Randy H. Katz. Henry: a hypertext based VLSI design and documentation system. In Kasper Osterbye, editor, Proceedings of the Hypertext'93 Workshop on Hypertext in Engineering. Aalborg University, November 1993.

93 L. Simon, editor. 4. Workshop ``Hypertext und Künstliche Intelligenz'', Einsatzgebiet Wissensakquisition, Erlangen, München, Passau, GER, 1993. Bayerisches Forschungszentrum für Wissensbasierte Systeme FORWISS.

94 B.F. Skinner. Teaching machines. In A.A. Lumsdain and R. Glaser, editors, Teaching Machines and Programmed Learning, pages 137--158. Nat'l Ed. Assoc., Washington, D.C., 1960.

95 Tim Smithers and Wade Troxell. Design is intelligent behaviour, but what's the formalism? AI EDAM, 4(2):89--98, 1990.

96 John B. Smith and Stephen F. Weiss. Hypertext. Communications of the ACM, 31(7):816--819, July 1988.

97 G. Stahl. Supporting interpretation in design. Architecture and Planning Research, 1993.

98 Norbert A. Streitz, Jörg Hannemann, and Manfred Thüring. From ideas and arguments to hyperdocuments: Travelling through activity spaces. In Proceedings of the ACM Hypertext'89, pages 343--364. ACM, November 1989.

99 N. Streitz, J. Haake, H. Hannemann, A. Lemke, W. Schuler, H. Schütt, and M. Thüring. SEPIA: A cooperative hypermedia authoring environment. In Proceedings of the ECHT'92, pages 11--22. ACM, November 1992.

100 Norbert A. Streitz, Jörg Geißler, Jörg M. Haake, and Jeroen Hol. DOLPHIN: Integrated meeting support across liveboards, local and remote desktop environments. Arbeitspapier 828, GMD, D-53754 Sankt Augustin, February 1994.

101 E. Torroja. Logik der Form. Verlag Georg D. W. Callwey, München, GER, 1961.

102 Janet H. Walker. Document examiner: Delivery interface for hypertext documents. In Proceedings of the ACM Hypertext'87. ACM, 1987.

103 Peter Whalley. Models of hypertext structure and learning. In David H. Jonassen and Heinz Mandl, editors, Designing Hypermedia for Learning, volume 67 of Nato ASI Series F, pages 61--67. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 1990.

ANNOTATION:\See [49] for related work.

104 Ludwig Wittgenstein. Tractatus logico-philosophicus. Vienna, AT, 1918.

105 N. Yankelovich, B. Haan, N. Meyrowitz, and S. Drucker. Intermedia: The concept and the construction of a seamless information environment. IEEE Computer, 21(1):81--96, 1988.

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* Acknowledgements

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Marcus Herzog Fri Jun 23 19:53:28 MET DST 1995